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The following text is from an archived Red Book^® edition and may not reflect current recommendations or information. To view the current edition, click here.

Section 3. Summaries of Infectious Diseases

Non-Group A or B Streptococcal and Enterococcal Infections

Clinical Manifestations
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Isolation of the Hospitalized Patient
Control Measures

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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: Streptococci of groups other than A or B can be associated with invasive disease in infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Urinary tract infection, endocarditis, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, and meningitis are the principal clinical syndromes. Viridans streptococci are associated with a variety of infections, perhaps the most significant being endocarditis and bacteremia in neutropenic patients with cancer. Enterococci are associated with bacteremia in neonates and bacteremia, intra-abdominal abscesses, and urinary tract infections in older children and adults.

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ETIOLOGY: Changes in taxonomy and nomenclature of the Streptococcus genus have evolved as a result of the application of molecular technology. ¹ Among gram-positive organisms that are catalase negative and that display chains in Gram stains, the 2 genera associated most often with human disease are Streptococcus and Enterococcus. The Streptococcus genus contains organisms that are (a) hemolytic on blood agar plates (Streptococcus pyogenes [see Group A Streptococcal Infections, p 573], Streptococcus agalactiae [see Group B Streptococcal Infections, p 584], and groups C, G, and F streptococci); (b) nonhemolytic . . . [Go to Full Text]

Related text in Red Book:

Summary of Major Changes in the 2003 Red Book

Red Book 2003: xxv. [Extract] [Full Version]  

Group A Streptococcal Infections

Red Book 2003: 573-584. [Extract] [Full Version]  

Group B Streptococcal Infections

Red Book 2003: 584-591. [Extract] [Full Version]  

Pneumococcal Infections

Red Book 2003: 490-500. [Extract] [Full Version]  

Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis

Red Book 2003: 778. [Extract] [Full Version]  

This topic has been referenced by these articles:

• Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., Rapoport, J. L. (2004). The Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS) Subgroup: Separating Fact From Fiction. Pediatrics 113: 907-911 [Full Version]  
• Kurlan, R., Kaplan, E. L. (2004). The Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS) Etiology for Tics and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: Hypothesis or Entity? Practical Considerations for the Clinician. Pediatrics 113: 883-886 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Bromberger, P., Lawrence, J. M., Braun, D., Saunders, B., Contreras, R., Petitti, D. B. (2000). The Influence of Intrapartum Antibiotics on the Clinical Spectrum of Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection in Term Infants. Pediatrics 106: 244-250 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Lan, A. J., Colford, J. M., MD, J. (2000). The Impact of Dosing Frequency on the Efficacy of 10-Day Penicillin or Amoxicillin Therapy for Streptococcal Tonsillopharyngitis: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 105: 19e-19 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Overturf, G. D., the Committee on Infectious Diseases, , Committee on Infectious Diseases, 1999-2000, , Ex-Officio, , Liaisons, , Consultant, , Staff, (2000). Technical Report: Prevention of Pneumococcal Infections, Including the Use of Pneumococcal Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccines and Antibiotic Prophylaxis. Pediatrics 106: 367-376 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Zomorrodi, A., Wald, E. R. (2006). Sydenham's Chorea in Western Pennsylvania. Pediatrics 117: e675-e679 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Herting, E., Gefeller, O., Land, M., van Sonderen, L., Harms, K., Robertson, B., Members of the Collaborative European Multicenter, (2000). Surfactant Treatment of Neonates With Respiratory Failure and Group B Streptococcal Infection. Pediatrics 106: 957-964 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Hoffman, J. A., Mason, E. O., Schutze, G. E., Tan, T. Q., Barson, W. J., Givner, L. B., Wald, E. R., Bradley, J. S., Yogev, R., Kaplan, S. L. (2003). Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections in the Neonate. Pediatrics 112: 1095-1102 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Nachman, S., Kim, S., King, J., Abrams, E. J., Margolis, D., Petru, A., Shearer, W., Smith, E., Moye, J., Blanchard, S., Hawkins, E., Bouquin, P., Vink, P., Benson, M., Estep, S., Malinoski, F. (2003). Safety and Immunogenicity of a Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Infants With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Pediatrics 112: 66-73 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Pelton;, S. I., Levine, O. S., Van Beneden, C. A., Schwartz, B. (2000). Risk Factors for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in North America. Pediatrics 105: 1172-1173 [Full Version]  
• Prosser, L. A., Ray, G. T., O'Brien, M., Kleinman, K., Santoli, J., Lieu, T. A. (2004). Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Health States Prevented by Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Pediatrics 113: 283-290 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Committee on Infectious Diseases, (2000). Policy Statement: Recommendations for the Prevention of Pneumococcal Infections, Including the Use of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Prevnar), Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine, and Antibiotic Prophylaxis. Pediatrics 106: 362-366 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Mogielnicki, N. P., Schwartzman, J. D., Elliott, J. A. (2000). Perineal Group A Streptococcal Disease in a Pediatric Practice. Pediatrics 106: 276-281 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Haberland, C. A., Benitz, W. E., Sanders, G. D., Pietzsch, J. B., Yamada, S., Nguyen, L., Garber, A. M. (2002). Perinatal Screening for Group B Streptococci: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction. Pediatrics 110: 471-480 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Bilikova, E., Babela, R., Krcmery, V. (2003). Nosocomial Enterococcal Bacteremia in Children. Pediatrics 111: 445-446 [Full Version]  
• Brandt, J., Wong, C., Mihm, S., Roberts, J., Smith, J., Brewer, E., Thiagarajan, R., Warady, B. (2002). Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Pediatrics 110: 371-376 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Lesko, S. M., O'Brien, K. L., Schwartz, B., Vezina, R., Mitchell, A. A. (2001). Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infection and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Use Among Children With Primary Varicella. Pediatrics 107: 1108-1115 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Proulx, F., Liet, J. M., David, M., Seidman, E., Tapiero, B., Robitaille, P., Lacroix;, J., Cabrera, G., Butler, J. C., Fortenberry, J. D. (2000). Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Associated With Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Pediatrics 105: 462-463 [Full Version]  
• Bailey, D. B. Jr, Hebbeler, K., Scarborough, A., Spiker, D., Mallik, S. (2004). First Experiences With Early Intervention: A National Perspective. Pediatrics 113: 887-896 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Neuman, M. I., Harper, M. B. (2003). Evaluation of a Rapid Urine Antigen Assay for the Detection of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children. Pediatrics 112: 1279-1282 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Snider, L. A, Sachdev, V., MacKaronis, J. E, Peter, M. St., Swedo, S. E (2004). Echocardiographic Findings in the PANDAS Subgroup. Pediatrics 114: e748-e751 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Velaphi, S., Siegel, J. D., Wendel, G. D. Jr, Cushion, N., Eid, W. M., Sanchez, P. J. (2003). Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection After a Combined Maternal and Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Chemoprophylaxis Strategy. Pediatrics 111: 541-547 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Kaplan, S. L., Mason, E. O Jr, Wald, E. R., Schutze, G. E., Bradley, J. S., Tan, T. Q., Hoffman, J. A., Givner, L. B., Yogev, R., Barson, W. J. (2004). Decrease of Invasive Pneumococcal Infections in Children Among 8 Children's Hospitals in the United States After the Introduction of the 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Pediatrics 113: 443-449 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
• Jobe, A. H. (2000). Commentary on Surfactant Treatment of Neonates With Respiratory Failure and Group B Streptococcal Infection. Pediatrics 106: 1135-1135 [Full Version]  
• Mell, L. K., Davis, R. L., Owens, D. (2005). Association Between Streptococcal Infection and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Tourette's Syndrome, and Tic Disorder. Pediatrics 116: 56-60 [Abstract] [Full Version]  

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