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Section 3. Summaries of Infectious Diseases
Pneumococcal Infections
1
Clinical Manifestations
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Isolation of the Hospitalized Patient
Control Measures
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: Pneumococcus is the most common bacterial cause of acute otitis media and of invasive bacterial infections in children. Many children with bacteremia have no identifiable primary focus of infection. Pneumococci also are a common cause of sinusitis, community-acquired pneumonia, and conjunctivitis. Pneumococci and meningococci are the 2 most common causes of bacterial meningitis in infants and young children. Pneumococcus occasionally causes endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pericarditis, pyogenic arthritis, soft tissue infection, and early-onset neonatal septicemia.
ETIOLOGY: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) are lancet-shaped, grampositive diplococci. Ninety pneumococcal serotypes have been identified. Serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F (Danish serotyping system) cause most invasive childhood pneumococcal infections in the United States and are the 7 types contained in the licensed heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Serotypes 6B, 9V, 14, 19A, 19F, and 23F are the most common isolates associated with resistance to penicillin.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Pneumococci are ubiquitous, with many people having colonization in their upper respiratory tracts. Transmission is from person to person, presumably by respiratory droplet contact. The period of communicability is unknown and may be as long as the organism is present in respiratory tract secretions but probably is less than 24 hours after effective antimicrobial therapy is begun. Among young children who acquire a new pneumococcal serotype in the nasopharynx, illness (eg, otitis media) occurs in approximately 15%, usually within 1 month of acquisition. Viral upper respiratory tract infections, including influenza, may predispose to pneumococcal infections. Pneumococcal infections are most prevalent during winter months; most common in infants, young children, and the elderly; and more common in black individuals and some American Indian populations than in other racial . . . [Go to Full Text]
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This topic has been referenced by these articles:
- Overturf, G. D., the Committee on Infectious Diseases, , Committee on Infectious Diseases, 1999-2000, , Ex-Officio, , Liaisons, , Consultant, , Staff,
(2000). Technical Report: Prevention of Pneumococcal Infections, Including the Use of Pneumococcal Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccines and Antibiotic Prophylaxis. Pediatrics
106: 367-376
[Abstract]
[Full Version]
- Hoffman, J. A., Mason, E. O., Schutze, G. E., Tan, T. Q., Barson, W. J., Givner, L. B., Wald, E. R., Bradley, J. S., Yogev, R., Kaplan, S. L.
(2003). Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections in the Neonate. Pediatrics
112: 1095-1102
[Abstract]
[Full Version]
- Nachman, S., Kim, S., King, J., Abrams, E. J., Margolis, D., Petru, A., Shearer, W., Smith, E., Moye, J., Blanchard, S., Hawkins, E., Bouquin, P., Vink, P., Benson, M., Estep, S., Malinoski, F.
(2003). Safety and Immunogenicity of a Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Infants With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Pediatrics
112: 66-73
[Abstract]
[Full Version]
- Pelton;, S. I., Levine, O. S., Van Beneden, C. A., Schwartz, B.
(2000). Risk Factors for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in North America. Pediatrics
105: 1172-1173
[Full Version]
- Prosser, L. A., Ray, G. T., O'Brien, M., Kleinman, K., Santoli, J., Lieu, T. A.
(2004). Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Health States Prevented by Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Pediatrics
113: 283-290
[Abstract]
[Full Version]
- Committee on Infectious Diseases,
(2000). Policy Statement: Recommendations for the Prevention of Pneumococcal Infections, Including the Use of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Prevnar), Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine, and Antibiotic Prophylaxis. Pediatrics
106: 362-366
[Abstract]
[Full Version]
- Brandt, J., Wong, C., Mihm, S., Roberts, J., Smith, J., Brewer, E., Thiagarajan, R., Warady, B.
(2002). Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Pediatrics
110: 371-376
[Abstract]
[Full Version]
- Proulx, F., Liet, J. M., David, M., Seidman, E., Tapiero, B., Robitaille, P., Lacroix;, J., Cabrera, G., Butler, J. C., Fortenberry, J. D.
(2000). Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Associated With Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Pediatrics
105: 462-463
[Full Version]
- Neuman, M. I., Harper, M. B.
(2003). Evaluation of a Rapid Urine Antigen Assay for the Detection of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children. Pediatrics
112: 1279-1282
[Abstract]
[Full Version]
- Buckingham, S. C., McCullers, J. A., Lujan-Zilbermann, J., Knapp, K. M., Orman, K. L., English, B. K.
(2006). Early Vancomycin Therapy and Adverse Outcomes in Children With Pneumococcal Meningitis. Pediatrics
117: 1688-1694
[Abstract]
[Full Version]
- Kaplan, S. L., Mason, E. O Jr, Wald, E. R., Schutze, G. E., Bradley, J. S., Tan, T. Q., Hoffman, J. A., Givner, L. B., Yogev, R., Barson, W. J.
(2004). Decrease of Invasive Pneumococcal Infections in Children Among 8 Children's Hospitals in the United States After the Introduction of the 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Pediatrics
113: 443-449
[Abstract]
[Full Version]
- Biernath, K. R., Reefhuis, J., Whitney, C. G., Mann, E. A., Costa, P., Eichwald, J., Boyle, C.
(2006). Bacterial Meningitis Among Children With Cochlear Implants Beyond 24 Months After Implantation. Pediatrics
117: 284-289
[Abstract]
[Full Version]
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