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Appendices

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Section 3. Summaries of Infectious Diseases

Diseases Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

(Atypical Mycobacteria, Mycobacteria Other Than Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Clinical Manifestations
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Isolation of the Hospitalized Patient
Control Measures

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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: Several syndromes are caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). In children, the most common of these syndromes is cervical lymphadenitis. Less common infections include cutaneous infection, osteomyelitis, otitis media, central catheter infections, and pulmonary disease. Disseminated infections almost always are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity, as found in congenital immune defects or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Manifestations of disseminated NTM infections depend on the species and route of infection but include fever, night sweats, weight loss, abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, and anemia. Nontuberculous mycobacteria, especially Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC [including M avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare]) and Mycobacterium abscessus, can be recovered from sputum in 10% to 20% of adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis and can be associated with fever and declining clinical status.


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ETIOLOGY: Of the almost 100 species of NTM that have been identified, only a few account for most human infections. The species most commonly encountered in infected children in the United States are MAC, Mycobacterium fortuitum, M abscessus, and Mycobacterium marinum (see Table 3.76, p 699). Several new species that can be detected by nucleic acid amplification testing but cannot be grown by routine culture methods have been identified in lymph nodes of children with cervical adenitis. Nontuberculous mycobacteria disease in patients with HIV infection usually is caused by MAC. Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae, and M abscessus commonly are referred to as "rapidly growing" mycobacteria, because sufficient growth and identification can be achieved in the laboratory within 3 to 7 days, whereas other NTM and Mycobacterium tuberculosis often require weeks before sufficient growth occurs. Rapidly . . . [Go to Full Text]


Related text in Red Book:

Tuberculosis

Red Book 2006: 678-698. [Extract] [Full Version]  

Introduction

Red Book 2006: 735. [Extract] [Full Version]  



This topic has been referenced by these articles:

  • Dupuis-Girod, S., Corradini, N., Hadj-Rabia, S., Fournet, J.-C., Faivre, L., Le Deist, F., Durand, P., Doffinger, R., Smahi, A., Israel, A., Courtois, G., Brousse, N., Blanche, S., Munnich, A., Fischer, A., Casanova, J.-L., Bodemer, C. (2002). Osteopetrosis, Lymphedema, Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia, and Immunodeficiency in a Boy and Incontinentia Pigmenti in His Mother. Pediatrics 109: e97-97 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
  • Nolt, D., Michaels, M. G., Wald, E. R. (2003). Intrathoracic Disease From Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Children: Two Cases and a Review of the Literature. Pediatrics 112: e434-434 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
  • Langston, C., Cooper, E. R., Goldfarb, J., Easley, K. A., Husak, S., Sunkle, S., Starc, T. J., Colin, A. A., for the P2C2 HIV Study Group, (2001). Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Mortality in Infants and Children: Data From the Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Complications of Vertically Transmitted HIV (P2C2) Study. Pediatrics 107: 328-338 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
  • Fieschi, C., Dupuis, S., Picard, C., Smith, C. I. E., Holland, S. M., Casanova, J.-L. (2001). High Levels of Interferon Gamma in the Plasma of Children With Complete Interferon Gamma Receptor Deficiency. Pediatrics 107: e48-e48 [Abstract] [Full Version]