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Appendices

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Section 3. Summaries of Infectious Diseases

Arboviruses (also see West Nile Virus, p 730)

(Including Colorado Tick Fever, Dengue, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, California, Powassan, St. Louis Encephalitis, Western Equine Encephalitis, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis, Tickborne Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, and Yellow Fever)

Clinical Manifestations
Etiology
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Isolation of the Hospitalized Patient
Control Measures
Yellow Fever Vaccine
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Vaccine
Other Arboviral Vaccines
Reporting

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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

More than 150 arthropodborne viruses (arboviruses) are known to cause human disease. Although most infections are subclinical, symptomatic illness manifests as 1 of 3 primary clinical syndromes: systemic febrile illness, neuroinvasive disease, or hemorrhagic fever (Table 3.1).


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  		Table 3.1. Clinical Manifestations for Select Domestic and International Arboviral Diseases

  1. Systemic febrile illness. Most arboviruses are capable of causing a systemic febrile illness that often includes headache, arthralgia, myalgia, and rash. Some viruses also can cause more severe, prolonged, or characteristic clinical manifestations, including severe joint pain (eg, chikungunya) or jaundice (yellow fever).

  2. Neuroinvasive disease. Many arboviruses cause neuroinvasive diseases, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid paralysis. Illness usually presents with a prodrome similar to the systemic febrile illness followed by neurologic symptoms. The specific symptoms vary by virus and clinical syndrome but can include vomiting, stiff neck, mental status changes, seizures, or focal neurologic deficits. The severity and long-term outcome of the illness vary by etiologic agent and the underlying characteristics of the host, such as age, immune status, and preexisting medical condition.

  3. Hemorrhagic fever. Hemorrhagic fevers can be caused by dengue or yellow fever viruses. After several days of nonspecific febrile illness, the patient may develop overt signs of hemorrhage (eg, petechiae, ecchymoses, bleeding from the nose and gums, hematemesis, and melena) and septic . . . [Go to Full Text]


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This topic has been referenced by these articles:

  • Lindsey, N. P., Hayes, E. B., Staples, J. E., Fischer, M. (2009). West Nile Virus Disease in Children, United States, 1999-2007. Pediatrics 123: e1084-e1089 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
  • Hinckley, A. F., O'Leary, D. R., Hayes, E. B. (2007). Transmission of West Nile Virus Through Human Breast Milk Seems to Be Rare. Pediatrics 119: e666-e671 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
  • Christie, L. J., Honarmand, S., Talkington, D. F., Gavali, S. S., Preas, C., Pan, C.-Y., Yagi, S., Glaser, C. A. (2007). Pediatric Encephalitis: What Is the Role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?. Pediatrics 120: 305-313 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
  • Khongphatthanayothin, A., Supachokechaiwattana, P., Pantcharoen, C. (2008). PREDICTION OF CAPILLARY LEAKAGE IN PATIENTS WITH DENGUE VIRUS INFECTION: WHAT ELSE BESIDES HEMATOCRIT AND PLATELET COUNTS?. Pediatrics 121: S99-S99 [Abstract]  
  • Eu-Ahsunthornwattana, N., Eu-ahsunthornwattana, J., Thisyakorn, U. (2008). PERIPHERAL BLOOD COUNT FOR DENGUE SEVERITY PREDICTION: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY IN THAI CHILDREN. Pediatrics 121: S127-S128 [Abstract]  
  • Kim, J. S., Sun Jo, D., Go, U., Park, B. H., Cho, H., Oh, D.-K. (2008). NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM IN KOREA: A 12-YEAR EXPERIENCE. Pediatrics 121: S165-S165 [Abstract]  
  • Iskandar, H. R., Mulyo, D., Agnes, P., Suryatin, Y. (2008). COMPARISON OF PEDIATRIC LOGISTIC ORGAN DYSFUNCTION (PELOD) SCORE AND PEDIATRIC RISK OF MORTALITY (PRISM) III AS A MORTALITY PREDICTOR IN PATIENTS WITH DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME. Pediatrics 121: S129-S129 [Abstract]  
  • Church, J. A. (2007). CCR5 Deficiency Increases Risk of Symptomatic West Nile Virus Infection. Pediatrics 120: S160-S160 [Abstract]  
  • Wood, R. A., Berger, M., Dreskin, S. C., Setse, R., Engler, R. J.M., Dekker, C. L., Halsey, N. A., the Hypersensitivity Working Group of the Clinical, (2008). An Algorithm for Treatment of Patients With Hypersensitivity Reactions After Vaccines. Pediatrics 122: e771-e777 [Abstract] [Full Version]  
  • Waidab, W., Suphapeetiporn, K., Srichomthong, C., Tongkobpetch, S., Pancharoen, C., Shotelersuk, V., Thisyakorn, U. (2008). ASSOCIATION OF CYTOKINE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION WITH DENGUE INFECTION SEVERITY. Pediatrics 121: S132-S132 [Abstract]